architecture/old2/skills/ddd/SKILL.md

name, description, user-invocable

name	description	user-invocable
ddd	Domain-Driven Design concepts: bounded contexts, aggregates, commands, events, and tactical patterns. Use when analyzing domain models, identifying bounded contexts, or mapping features to DDD patterns.	false

Domain-Driven Design (DDD)

Strategic and tactical patterns for modeling complex domains.

Strategic DDD: Bounded Contexts

What is a Bounded Context?

A bounded context is a boundary within which a domain model is consistent. Same terms can mean different things in different contexts.

Example: "Order" means different things in different contexts:

• Sales Context: Order = customer purchase with payment and shipping
• Fulfillment Context: Order = pick list for warehouse
• Accounting Context: Order = revenue transaction

Identifying Bounded Contexts

Look for:

1. Different language: Same term means different things
2. Different models: Same concept has different attributes/behavior
3. Different teams: Natural organizational boundaries
4. Different lifecycles: Entities created/destroyed at different times
5. Different rate of change: Some areas evolve faster than others

From vision/manifesto:

• Identify personas → each persona likely interacts with different contexts
• Identify core domain concepts → group related concepts into contexts
• Identify capabilities → capabilities often align with contexts

From existing code:

• Look for packages/modules that cluster related concepts
• Identify seams where code is loosely coupled
• Look for translation layers between subsystems
• Identify areas where same terms mean different things

Context Boundaries

Good boundaries:

• Clear interfaces between contexts
• Each context owns its data
• Contexts communicate via events or APIs
• Minimal coupling between contexts

Bad boundaries:

• Shared database tables across contexts
• Direct object references across contexts
• Mixed concerns within a context

Common Context Patterns

Pattern	Description	Example
Core Domain	Your unique competitive advantage	Custom business logic
Supporting Subdomain	Necessary but not differentiating	User management
Generic Subdomain	Common problems, use off-the-shelf	Email sending, file storage

Tactical DDD: Building Blocks

Aggregates

An aggregate is a cluster of entities and value objects treated as a unit for data changes.

Rules:

• One entity is the aggregate root (only entity referenced from outside)
• All changes go through the root
• Enforce business invariants within the aggregate
• Keep aggregates small (2-3 entities max when possible)

Example:

Order (root)
├── OrderLine
├── ShippingAddress
└── Payment

External code only references Order, never OrderLine directly.

Identifying aggregates:

• What entities always change together?
• What invariants must be enforced?
• What is the transactional boundary?

Commands

Commands represent intent to change state. Named with imperative verbs.

Format: [Verb][AggregateRoot] or [AggregateRoot][Verb]

Examples:

• PlaceOrder or OrderPlace
• CancelSubscription or SubscriptionCancel
• ApproveInvoice or InvoiceApprove

Commands:

• Are handled by the aggregate root
• Either succeed completely or fail
• Can be rejected (return error)
• Represent user intent or system action

Events

Events represent facts that happened in the past. Named in past tense.

Format: [AggregateRoot][PastVerb] or [Something]Happened

Examples:

• OrderPlaced
• SubscriptionCancelled
• InvoiceApproved
• PaymentFailed

Events:

• Are immutable (already happened)
• Can be published to other contexts
• Enable eventual consistency
• Create audit trail

Value Objects

Value Objects are immutable objects defined by their attributes, not identity.

Examples:

• Money (amount + currency)
• EmailAddress
• DateRange
• Address

Characteristics:

• No identity (two with same values are equal)
• Immutable (cannot change, create new instance)
• Can contain validation logic
• Can contain behavior

When to use:

• Concept has no lifecycle (no create/update/delete)
• Equality is based on attributes, not identity
• Can be shared/reused

Entities

Entities have identity that persists over time, even if attributes change.

Examples:

• User (ID remains same even if name/email changes)
• Order (ID remains same through lifecycle)
• Product (ID remains same even if price changes)

Characteristics:

• Has unique identifier
• Can change over time
• Identity matters more than attributes

Mapping Features to DDD Patterns

Process

For each feature from vision:

1. Identify the bounded context: Which context does this belong to?

2. Identify the aggregate(s): What entities/value objects are involved?

3. Identify commands: What actions can users/systems take?

4. Identify events: What facts should be recorded when commands succeed?

5. Identify value objects: What concepts are attribute-defined, not identity-defined?

Example: "User can place an order"

Bounded Context: Sales

Aggregate: Order (root)

• OrderLine (entity)
• ShippingAddress (value object)
• Money (value object)

Commands:

• PlaceOrder
• AddOrderLine
• RemoveOrderLine
• UpdateShippingAddress

Events:

• OrderPlaced
• OrderLineAdded
• OrderLineRemoved
• ShippingAddressUpdated

Value Objects:

• Money (amount, currency)
• Address (street, city, zip, country)
• Quantity

Refactoring to DDD

When existing code doesn't follow DDD patterns:

Identify Misalignments

Anemic domain model:

• Entities with only getters/setters
• Business logic in services, not entities
• Fix: Move behavior into aggregates

God objects:

• One entity doing too much
• Fix: Split into multiple aggregates or value objects

Context leakage:

• Same model shared across contexts
• Fix: Create context-specific models with translation layers

Missing boundaries:

• Everything in one module/package
• Fix: Identify bounded contexts, separate into modules

Refactoring Strategies

Extract bounded context:

As a developer, I want to extract [Context] into a separate module,
so that it has clear boundaries and can evolve independently

Extract aggregate:

As a developer, I want to extract [Aggregate] from [GodObject],
so that it enforces its own invariants

Introduce value object:

As a developer, I want to replace [primitive] with [ValueObject],
so that validation is centralized and the domain model is clearer

Introduce event:

As a developer, I want to publish [Event] when [Command] succeeds,
so that other contexts can react to state changes

Anti-Patterns

Avoid:

• Aggregates spanning multiple bounded contexts
• Shared mutable state across contexts
• Direct database access across contexts
• Aggregates with dozens of entities (too large)
• Value objects with identity
• Commands without clear aggregate ownership
• Events that imply future actions (use commands)

Tips

• Start with strategic DDD (bounded contexts) before tactical patterns
• Bounded contexts align with team/organizational boundaries
• Keep aggregates small (single entity when possible)
• Use events for cross-context communication
• Value objects make impossible states impossible
• Refactor incrementally - don't rewrite everything at once